Nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism
Monitoring Of Cerebral Oxygenation During Hypoxic Gas Management In ...
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Pulmonary Atresia - Congenital Heart Defect - News-Medical.net
The term 'pulmonary' refers to the lungs and 'atresia' means missing, so pulmonary atresia is a congenital heart defect in which the pulmonary valve of the infant is missing. The pulmonary valve regulates the flow of blood from the right ventricle in the heart to the lungs, taking blood low in oxygen and passing it on to the lungs to make it oxygen rich.
In an infant born with pulmonary atresia, the pulmonary valve does not develop. Instead, a solid sheet of tissue exists where the valve should be. This effectively blocks the flow of blood. As a result of this birth defect, the infant suffers from a lack of oxygen-rich blood, which can be fatal. The condition often requires surgery soon after birth and is called a critical congenital heart defect.
Pulmonary Atresia Diagram - Image Credit: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities) -
Visible Symptoms and ComplicationsNoticeable symptoms in a newborn with pulmonary atresia can become evident within a few hours of birth or they may be delayed for several days, depending on the type and severity of the condition. The symptoms could include:
A number of complications may arise from this condition. The baby will be at risk for seizures, strokes, or heart failure. The baby may also experience delayed growth and development, or infectious endocarditis. It is imperative that pulmonary atresia is identified as soon as possible for the baby to survive. If not treated the condition will prove fatal.
Diagnosis of Pulmonary AtresiaA neonatologist or pediatric cardiologist will be consulted to diagnose pulmonary atresia. There are two variations of the condition depending on whether a ventricular septal defect is present. The diagnostic tests may include:
The exact cause of this congenital heart defect is not known, but a number of risk factors that may cause the condition have been delineated. The risk of the baby being born with pulmonary atresia increases if the pregnant mother has suffered from rubella or any other viral infection during early pregnancy.
Drinking or smoking during pregnancy also increases the risk of a congenital heart defect. Mothers who have diabetes or suffer from an autoimmune disease called lupus, have a higher chance of bearing babies with Pulmonary Atresia. The use of medications for bipolar disorder, acne drug isotretinoin, or anti-seizure medication during pregnancy can also increase the risk.
Those parents who have had a congenital heart defect may also pass on the faulty gene to the baby. As there is no way to identify the exact cause of pulmonary atresia, there is no way to prevent it. Pregnant mothers can only be advised about the risk and asked to take care of any chronic medical condition they suffer from.
Treatment of Pulmonary AtresiaThe ductus arteriosus is present in normal fetuses and circulates blood between the heart and lungs while in the womb. It usually closes sometime after the baby's birth. For those born with pulmonary atresia, an intravenous medicine called prostaglandin E1 is used to keep the ductus arteriosus from closing. This provides an alternative for blood circulation till the pulmonary valve is surgically fixed.
There are different possible surgical solutions to pulmonary atresia. Initially a heart catheterization may be performed, wherein a tube is inserted with a balloon to create an opening in the atrial septum or the wall between the left and right atria. This allows the blood to mix between the two chambers and the oxygen level of the heart to stabilise.
Surgical repair of the condition could include open heart surgery to repair or replace the pulmonary valve. Alternatively, a tube may be placed from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries to aid blood flow. In some cases, the surgeon may reconstruct the heart as a single ventricle by removing the atrial septum completely.
The exact nature of the surgery will be based on the patient's condition. Surgery is recommended as soon as possible after birth to ensure that the baby has a good chance of recovery.
References Further ReadingAcyanotic Heart Disease: Types, Symptoms, Treatment, And More - Healthline
Acyanotic heart disease is a type of congenital heart defect that causes abnormal blood flow. It can range from mild to severe. Babies with the condition can seem out of breath and fatigued.
Congenital heart disease refers to birth defects that affect the heart. They're the most common type of birth defects, affecting nearly 1% of births — or 40,000 infants — per year in the United States.
Congenital heart disease is divided into two broad categories: cyanotic and acyanotic. The most common form is acyanotic, which includes conditions like ventricular septal defect (VSD) and atrial septal defect (ASD).
Read on to learn more about the different forms of acyanotic heart disease, how it's diagnosed, and how it's treated.
There are two categories of congenital heart defects: cyanotic and acyanotic.
Acyanotic is more common, making up about 75% of cases. Cyanotic heart disease affects about 25% of babies with congenital heart disease.
Acyanotic
Acyanotic heart disease involves heart defects that cause abnormal blood flow, but oxygen levels in the blood remain typical. Babies born with this condition do not have any immediate symptoms, but health problems can develop over time.
Abnormal blood flow can cause increased blood pressure, putting strain on the heart. This can weaken the heart, increasing the chance of heart failure.
Another potential complication is abnormally high blood pressure in the lungs, which is called pulmonary hypertension. It can cause symptoms such as:
Cyanotic
Cyanotic heart disease refers to heart defects that cause abnormal blood flow and low oxygen levels in the blood.
The lack of oxygen in the blood may cause areas of the skin to have a bluish-colored tint. Babies born with this condition may have bluish fingers, toes, lips, or skin.
Other symptoms may include:
There are several different types of acyanotic heart defects that can affect the heart walls, valves, or blood vessels. The most common types include:
Ventricular septal defect
Atrial septal defect
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole or opening in the wall that separates the two upper chambers of the heart. These chambers are called atria.
Pulmonary valve stenosis
The pulmonary valve is one of four valves that help manage blood flow in the heart. It allows blood to flow from the right ventricle to the artery that delivers blood to the lungs.
Pulmonary valve stenosis occurs when the pulmonary valve becomes narrowed. This means the right ventricle has to work harder to pump blood.
Aortic valve stenosis
The aortic valve allows blood to flow from the left ventricle to the aorta, which is the main artery that moves blood from the heart to the body.
Aortic valve stenosis makes the aortic valve narrower. This makes the left ventricle work harder to move blood to the body.
Patent ductus ateriosus
A patent ductus ateriosus (PDA) is a hole in the aorta that hasn't closed. This may cause extra blood to pump from the aorta into the lung arteries.
The heart and lungs may need to work harder, leading to congestion in the lungs.
Symptoms of acyanotic heart disease depend on the type and severity of the defect. In some cases, people born with acyanotic heart disease may not have symptoms until later in life, during childhood or adulthood.
While mild defects may cause no symptoms, more severe defects can cause symptoms such as:
Experts don't know exactly why congenital heart defects happen, but they're likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Potential contributing factors include:
Many congenital heart defects are now diagnosed during pregnancy using a type of ultrasound called fetal echocardiogram. This creates images of the developing baby's heart.
However, some congenital heart defects are diagnosed after birth, later in childhood, or into adulthood.
Treatment depends on the type and severity of the heart defect. Some infants and children may need surgery to repair the heart or blood vessels, but others may only need nonsurgical procedures.
One option is a procedure called cardiac catheterization. During this procedure, a doctor inserts a long tube, called a catheter, through the blood vessels into the heart. They can use this to take measurements, perform tests, and repair any issues.
Some heart defects can't be fully repaired, but treatment may still improve blood flow and heart function. Many people with congenital heart defects need specialized long-term care.
About 80% of children with congenital heart disease live into adulthood.
The outlook for infants and children born with congenital heart disease depends on:
According to the National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, about 1 in 4 babies with congenital heart disease have a critical congenital heart defect. An estimated 69% of babies with critical defects live to at least 18 years of age.
By comparison, about 95% of babies born with a non-critical congenital heart defect live to 18 years.
Acyanotic heart disease is a type of congenital heart defect that affects blood flow and can range from mild to severe.
While doctors can repair some defects with surgery or other procedures, others can't be fully repaired. However, there are a range of treatment options that mean many babies born with congenital heart defects can live long, healthy lives.
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